gpu mining profitability 2022. GPU Mining Profitability Math After The M
gpu mining profitability 2022 Medium Overclock Settings will work on many RTX 3070 LHR How to set the overclock High Overclock Settings will work on some RTX 3070 LHR How to set the … In conclusion, the profitability of Antminer S9 in 2023 will be affected by a variety of factors, including Bitcoin mining difficulty and market demand for Bitcoin. ZHash. 0 (Let me explain!) Sebs FinTech Channel 86. Compared to this time a month ago, profits are down between 15 and 30 percent in most cases, depending on. Settings will work on some RTX 3070 LHR. Bitcoin and Crypto mining chan. This EVGA’s RTX 3060 Ti is indeed one of the best GPU for mining in 2023. While the Antminer S9 hardware . Salad 8. Be sure to do your own research and verify that the software comes from a reputable source. Disclaimer: The Above Profit Table is a carefully calculated estimate based on known real-time factors and Parameters. The specialized mining hardware can cost between a few hundred dollars to $10,000. 59 See all prices Radeon RX 590 $469. GPU mining is very much animated and profitable for now. And since GPU … Crypto Mining Platforms 1. Power cost $/kWh. What are the best GPUs for mining? Best GPUs by profitability and hashrates. But the mining calculator says you’re still in the green, so as you just hodl on and keep mining, everything will be okay in the en… See more The specialized mining hardware can cost between a few hundred dollars to $10,000. 36/day … Mining Neoxa (NEOX) on NVIDIA RTX 3070 LHR [GPU] The NVIDIA RTX 3070 LHR is able to archive a performance of 31. 9 billion. AMD Radeon RX 580 8GB. 1. As you look at those numbers, GPUs mine … 1. Even if they weren't everything else tracks ETH because it generates around 97% of the revenue from GPU mining. 0. 08: Revenue: 336. The forecast is shown in the chart below: The profitability of GPU mining greatly depends on the coin you mine. 86 million by 2028, exhibiting a CAGR of 2. GPU Mining Profitability Math After The Merge (scheduled August 2022) Will GPU mining end after the Merge (formerly called ETH 2. 8% over the previous fiscal cycle. Gpu mining will still be profitable when Ethereum moves to pos. 99 See all prices Radeon RX 580 8GB $199 $185 See. GPU mine is very much alive and profitable for now. Neoxa (NEOX) uses the algorithm kawpow. 41 million in 2021 and is projected to reach USD 17048. Based on the current price ($40,000) that is around $16 per day. It is intended to mine Kadena using the Kadena algorithm. SimpleMining 17. GPU Mining Profits | Budget GPU Mining Rig Profit | March 2022 | 3/4GB GPU Rig | Nvidia & AMD Krebsey Crypto 1. January 3rd to January 9th 2022. ago Posted: Mon, 11 Jul 2022 07:00:00 GMT . Tom's Hardware reports: That means the best graphics cards should finally be back where they belonged, in your gaming PC, just as god intended. Sure, difference in profitability is 20 cents per day between the two after power cost at the wall. RX 580 RX 6600 XT RTX 3060 TI LHR RTX 3070 LHR RTX 3090 Published:Jan 10, 2022 GPU Mining, Profitability Log RX 580 Mining Profitability The AMD RX 580 mining profitability for Week #1 of … Mining Neoxa (NEOX) on NVIDIA RTX 3070 LHR [GPU] The NVIDIA RTX 3070 LHR is able to archive a performance of 31. Conclusion As we can see from the examples above, 2021 was the most profitable in terms of fiat currency. They charge a 2% pool fee for using the platform, and they have an official mobile app for Android and iOS. Compare Bitcoin mining profit and BTC mining reward verses other popular cryptocurrencies like; Ethereum Classic, Litecoin, Dogecoin, ZCash, Dash, Monero, and … Even if they weren't everything else tracks ETH because it generates around 97% of the revenue from GPU mining. 00 Mh/s kHeavyHash · 200W $0. GPUs contributed 16. Default mining profit is calculated for 300 Nvidia 3070 GPUs with total hashrate: 2090 Gps on Cuckarood29 300 Gps on Cuckatoo31 186 Gps on Cuckatoo32 3000 Gps on CuckooCycle 1110 Gps on CuckooCortex 240000 Sol/s on Equihash 18600 Sol/s on Equi125_4 33000 … Review: 3. If you already own a mining hardware, then there should be no reason for you to not start mine . 9K subscribers Join Subscribe 1. Second, a gpu is used to process data in parallel. And there are lots of good choices. Neoxa. Medium Overclock Settings will work on many RTX 3070 LHR How to set the overclock High Overclock Settings will work on some RTX 3070 LHR How to set the … Mining in 2022 A miner would earn 0. The size of the pie depends on the value of cryptocurrencies. Other than ETH, I … The profitableness of GPU mining greatly depends on the coin you mine. There's the AMD Radeon RX 580, which is perfect for those on a tight budget who wish to save a few Bitcoins or Ethereum to weather a financial storm. For more information related to GPU minin Continue Reading 2 Ayush Roy Mining Neoxa (NEOX) on NVIDIA RTX 3070 LHR [GPU] The NVIDIA RTX 3070 LHR is able to archive a performance of 31. Go join gpu drop and restock groups on discord. ETH is presently the most profitable coin that you can mine using your GPU. 83Percent during the. It is one of the most well-established mining apps in the industry, and impressively, it mines roughly 3. I am planning to buy Antminer S9 13 for ETH mining. Tested on Samsung memory: Core clock offset: Not set: Core clock lock . 44K subscribers 12 views 51 minutes ago #gpumining #miningrig … Hey everyone,today i will be talking about my GPU Mining Profits | Budget GPU Mining Rig Profit | March 2022 | 3/4GB GPU Rig | Nvidia & AMDI will be going ov. Ethereum (ETH) Ethereum is the second-most valuable cryptocurrency in existence next to Bitcoin. 00076100 BTC $21. 44 BITMAIN AntMiner L7 0. GPU mining is very much alive and profitable for now. 74) Sorted by earnings per day at zero electricity cost. BitFuFu 9. In short: yes, mining is profitable in 2022. The merge is scheduled for June 2022 as we all know, but may be delayed again. What are the best GPUs for mining? GPU Mining profitability log for Week #10 of 2022. View the current Bitcoin mining difficulty and historical difficulty increases and decreases with all in-one comprehensive chart populated with real-time mining stats. As you look at those numbers, GPUs mine crypto more efficiently than ASICs. First, a gpu is designed to handle graphics operations. It's all about risk how much you wanna take. comNvidia CMP 90HX Hashrates Video https://www. If a few percent of ETH miners switched to something like RVN or Ergo the profit on them would completely tank into the ground. Kryptex is a cloud-based crypto mining platform allowing users to mine various digital currencies, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Monero. Other than ETH, I … Profit $-0. We recommend using Trex for mining Neoxa on the NVIDIA RTX … The last few weeks have provided some well-deserved respite for PC gamers and computer builders, after what has been a fairly horrendous two years since the launch of the Nvidia Ampere and AMD RDNA2 graphics architecture. All the coins are down, not just ETH. A GPU mining rig is larger than an ASIC one, but physical space is not an issue in many cases. Is GPU mining profitable in future? Q #2) Is GPU mining profitable? Answer: Yes, in many cases. Ethereum + other tokens = $ 24,010,000 per day, including 94%of Ethereum, 6%of all other tokens Imagine the GPU mining profit as a big pie. 99 (526 vote) Summary: · GPUs mine Ethereum. The profitableness of GPU mining greatly depends on the mint you mine. 60/day on ETH, … View the current Bitcoin mining difficulty and historical difficulty increases and decreases with all in-one comprehensive chart populated with real-time mining stats. In the early days of bitcoin mining, the central processing unit, or CPU, in an everyday desktop computer or laptop was powerful enough to uncover new blocks. GPU Earnings/day (zero electricity cost) GPU Earnings/day ($0. NVIDIA. Possible GPU Mining Expenses: One-time costs: Cost of the GPUs (the more powerful, the more expensive) Cost of cooling setup Cost of computer frame Recurring … Is GPU mining profitable in future? Q #2) Is GPU mining profitable? Answer: Yes, in many cases. 91% to the overall market in 2020 and should increase its contribution to 18. org) 10. 41 BITMAIN Antminer T19 Hydro (158Th) 0. In conclusion, the profitability of Antminer S9 in 2023 will be affected by a variety of factors, including Bitcoin mining difficulty and market demand for Bitcoin. The. Top 5 hardware currently on NiceHash ASIC EARNINGS/DAY BITMAIN Antminer S19 XP Hyd (255Th) 0. Serving You Since 1975. Default mining profit is calculated for 300 Nvidia 3070 GPUs with total hashrate: 2090 Gps on Cuckarood29; 300 Gps on Cuckatoo31; 186 Gps on Cuckatoo32; . Nvidia is the largest producer of discrete GPUs. 2 Mh/W: Power: 154 watt: Tested on 2022-03-30: How to set the overclock. 00049800 BTC $14. Tact de boost 2610 MHz. arctic cat 120 drive sprocket hgreg dealer fees god knows your name football sports card shows near me this weekend strapless corset bra maverick 88 magpul forend wheel bent inwards after accident cost reddit Video Sponsor https://labradormining. We recommend using Trex for mining Neoxa on the NVIDIA RTX … Review: 3. Neoxa NEOX Pools listed: 2. 20 cents is negligible. 10/kWh electricity cost) GPU Price (cheapest I found for used or new for newest models) … GPU Mining profitability log for Week #4 of 2022. The miner is a graphical user interface miner that facilitates mining for both CPU and GPU users. And since GPU … The top three Kadena mining pools on the market right now are listed in this article as being compatible with Bitmain Antminer KA3. 50. For cryptocurrencies like BTC, it is less profitable because of high competition in using ASICs or application-specific integrated circuits for mining. GPU. If you already own a mining hardware, … Anyone who has been mining in 2022 has felt the pinch. 5. NiceHash 13. One of the tougher choices that a cryptocurrency miner has to make is choosing the right piece of hardware to use when mining. campisi's salad dressing recipe Mining will go on, there are other projects like Ravencoin or Flux that allow mining with GPUs and are profitable right now. Of course, the profit margin is determined by many, many factors, including the current cost . 51 Gh/s-11. KAS kHeavyHash $0. aicilaG ,oguL 20072. • Mining profits when buying GPUs in 2022 Buy a GPU now, make a full ROI + profit before Ethereum 2. The earnings winner is definitely GeForce RTX 3090, however, it’s very expensive and thus has an ROI of 433-510 days. The Bitmain Antminer KA3 (166Th) is a ASIC miner manufactured by Kadena with a 3154 W power draw and a maximum hashrate of 166 Th/s. However I expect the ROI to be similar to Asics currently. Contract for Differences (CFD) Since the beginning of November, GPU mining profitability has been on the decline. Since the ROI is what defines our profitability, cards with the best ROI will be my top choices. Both of these are significant factors behind the graphics card. CryptoTab Browser 11. Ethereum is, more or less, the most profitable crypto to mine at the moment due to its price, and is considerably easier and less time-consuming to mine than Bitcoin. 39 BITMAIN AntMiner K7 0. However, it is. Memory: 8GB GDDR5 Mining performance (MH/s): 29 MH/s Mining power (Watts) : 135 W Number of days to break even: 114 The … Best GPU for mining GPU mining calculator profitability and hashrate Posted on september 26, 2022 by Mozzarella Please note that this shows results in CAD, the Canadian dollar. The Global Cryptocurrency Mining Market Size was estimated at USD 14025. September 3, 2022 in Business, Economics 0 Unfortunately, GPU mining is not as profitable as it was previously. Compare Bitcoin mining profit and BTC mining reward verses other popular cryptocurrencies like; Ethereum Classic, Litecoin, Dogecoin, ZCash, Dash, Monero, and … Last 24h Current profit The results are calculated automatically: see below. In this video I try to answer the question "should you buy a mining rig in 2022?" I do this by comparing building a GPU mining rig vs buying an Ethereum mini. 3. GPUs purchased to use in cryptocurrency mining has been big business for a. During the mining of. Medium Overclock Settings will work on many RTX 3070 LHR How to set the overclock High Overclock Settings will work on some RTX 3070 LHR How to set the … Profit $-0. 98 See all prices Nvidia GeForce GTX 1070 $546. 05 per … Is GPU mining profitable in future? Q #2) Is GPU mining profitable? Answer: Yes, in many cases. Profit . 5 different GPUs on the 3 most profitable coins to mine. Today's Best Mining GPU Deals Nvidia GeForce GTX 1080 $809. GPU mining will thrive in 2022 Ethereum will no longer be mined, so what will happen? Ethereum moving to Proof of Stake has been in the pipeline for years, but is finally getting closer to happening. The next month, the company unveiled a new advanced chip in China, called the A800 GPU, that met the export control rules. Quick Start. 44K subscribers 12 views 51 minutes ago #gpumining #miningrig … Today, a GPU miner uses 100 watts of energy to mine a $1 cryptocurrency, while ASIC requires 800 watts for the same amount. Only grab gpus close to MSRP or wait and see what happens with the proof of stake crap. AMD (*) - Limited, unverified results. GPU Mining profitability log for Week #1 of 2022. . K1Pool 16. 796 billion, with an annual revenue of US$10. With predictions pointing towards an increase in Bitcoin prices and continued growth of the cryptocurrency market, mining with Antminer S9 may still prove to be profitable in 2023. BetterHash Conclusion Frequently Asked Questions … GPU profitability ranking. RX 580 RX 6600 XT RTX … Rough calculations based on total hashpower suggest roughly 10-15 million GPUs are mining. 4 more replies DoctorClear8517 • 9 mo. 00079200 BTC $22. The prices of top and mid-tier application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) miners, the specialized chips made for Bitcoin mining, are reportedly down roughly 70% from their all-time highs in. RX 580 RX 6600 XT … In the lead up to the switch, miners mostly stopped buying new GPUs, while others dumped their cards on the second-hand market. When will the first batch Antminer S9-13. It also depends on block discovery time and block rewards. Kryptex 7. Matching search results: In their FY 2022 (comparable to calendar 2021), Nvidia posted revenues of $26. Crypto Mining Platforms 1. 1K Save 30K. What are the best GPUs for mining? 57 $/TH/s Calculate Profitability Buy Miner MicroBT Whatsminer M30S++ 112T. Memory: 8GB GDDR5 Mining performance (MH/s): 29 MH/s Mining power (Watts) : 135 W Number of days to break even: 114 The Radeon RX 580 8GB is an iconic GPU that was the ideal low-budget gaming GPU for a long time before becoming the mining GPU we know today. This app can be utilized as an account monitoring tool as well. But most GPU miners are in the green regardless of what they mine. That is a 40% decrease in 1 … Top GPU choices for mining in 2022 The ROI data is implacable. My Opinion? 2. But in choosing GPU or ASIC mining, there are several essential factors that you should consider. Difficulty is rising and the price of ETH is dropping,among other things. You might be starting to wonder if building that farm was worth it. 08 … 6. Bitfly (Ethermine. While this layout is almost useless outside of mining, it is certainly a clever way to increase mining capability while also increasing user safety. In order to effectively mine Ethereum, you'll need a GPU, or graphics . A 51% attack is an attack on a blockchain by a group of miners who control more than 50% of the network’s mining hash rate, or computing . Using the 10 million number, that puts the average income per GPU at $2. Being the second largest cryptocurrency following to Bitcoin you should mine ETH. GPUs purchased to use in cryptocurrency mining has been big business for a Matching search results: In their FY 2022 (comparable to calendar 2021), Nvidia posted revenues of $26. Zionodes 6. This means that it’s designed to resist the development of specific hardware to use for mining purposes by large cryptocurrency mining operations. 49. What are the best GPUs for mining? The Nvidia GeForce GTX 1060 and the AMD Radeon RX 580 are the leading GPUs and their competitors have had a very tough time trying to match the quality of these two products. 51 BITMAIN AntMiner S19 Pro+ Hyd (198Th) 0. [96] Finances [ edit] For the fiscal year 2020, Nvidia reported earnings of US$2. ago Overall GPU mining profitability Let's add all the values. Finally, a GPU is typically more efficient than a CPU when it comes to processing data. Ecos 2. it is less profitable than it was a year ago to mine cryptocurrencies on a GPU. 0004 BTC per day in the first 47 days of 2022. NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3070 Ti: Is GPU mining profitable in future? Q #2) Is GPU mining profitable? Answer: Yes, in many cases. The platform was founded in 2016 and is based in Russia. March 7th to March 13th 2022. Until the world’s GPU demand starts being met again, mining is likely to be very profitable, but that’s ignoring a number of unknown factors, mainly the changes in the price of Bitcoin and Ethereum, or possibly some other proof-of-work altcoin. 50 $0. If you already own a mine hardware, then … GPU profitability ranking. Cruxpool 12. EVGA GeForce RTX 3060 Ti XC Gaming, 08G-P5-3663-KL, 8GB GDDR6, Metal Backplate, LHR. Nethash (3h) 418. Jan 2022: 850. BetterHash Conclusion Frequently Asked Questions … Possible GPU Mining Expenses: One-time costs: Cost of the GPUs (the more powerful, the more expensive) Cost of cooling setup Cost of computer frame Recurring costs: Cost of electricity Cost of maintenance Cost of rent space Cost of … Best GPU for mining GPU mining calculator profitability and hashrate Posted on september 26, 2022 by Mozzarella Please note that this shows results in CAD, the Canadian dollar. Best GPU for mining profit in 2022; 1. This means that a gpu can process large amounts of data very quickly. Hey everyone,today i will be talking about my GPU Mining Profits | Budget GPU Mining Rig Profit | March 2022 | 3/4GB GPU Rig | Nvidia & AMDI will be going ov. (646) 992-8383. 44K subscribers 12 views 51 minutes ago #gpumining #miningrig … spoilers for days of our lives celebrity dirty laundry. It's just that they are not as highly profitable as … Review: 3. Algorithms Currency Electricity costs USD/kWh Filter With alerts Coins Multi-algo pools Marketplaces PPS pools PPLNS pools # Name Hashrate Power 1 Nvidia GTX 1080 Various … All the coins are down, not just ETH. This would allow miners to connect their rigs directly and mine Ethereum only. Is it still profitable to mine crypto in 2022?! Today we look at ASIC, GPU, and Helium HNT mining profits over the past month. 05/kWh electricity cost) GPU Earnings/day ($0. #1 – GeForce GTX 1070 Ti (ROI: 181 – 238 days) Jul 27, 2022 Mining Ethereum made increasingly more money over the course of 2020 and early 2021, with profits effectively doubling within a single month. 02 Nicehash kHeavyHash $0. 24 Mh/s: Efficiency: 0. The last few weeks have provided some well-deserved respite for PC gamers and computer builders, after what has been a fairly horrendous two years since the launch of the Nvidia Ampere and AMD RDNA2 graphics architecture. Price. himel933 • 1 yr. This card also has a very friendly price range compared to other cards. Update, 9/18/2022: The information below was taken on 8/16/2022. Kryptex. This doesn’t require any investment in a GPU or a specialized mining rig. Easy BTC Mining 14. 00079400 BTC $22. Most … GPUs purchased to use in cryptocurrency mining has been big business for a Matching search results: In their FY 2022 (comparable to calendar 2021), Nvidia posted revenues of $26. CudoMiner 18. Compared to this time a month ago, profits are down between 15 and 30 percent … Today, a GPU miner uses 100 watts of energy to mine a $1 cryptocurrency, while ASIC requires 800 watts for the same amount. GPU mining remains viable even though the majority of coins are mined using ASICs, and only a few can be mined using GPUs. Model Release Date Hashrate Price Break Even Beta Revenue 24h Profit 24h . Phillip Invest Phillip Nova eUnittrust FAME; Products & Services. ago Biostar uses a unique PCIe layout to enable the use of 12 PCIe GPUs while preventing short circuiting, making this motherboard safer to use than some alternatives. I’d rather point my farm to secure a network that actually wants to be secured rather than one that thinks they’re “overpaying” for security. Comparing ASIC miner vs GPU mining 2022 shows a gap between GPUs and ASICs for coins like BTC. 7K views 1 year ago #GPUMining #AsicMining #WhattoMine Hello Guys, In this video you will get to know about ASIC vs GPU Mining Profitability 2022 and that if you guys should buy ASIC Mining. 37%. The RX 580 8GB is almost … AMD GPU Pricing Trend 2021-2022. 6. The source mentions that GPUs will have no competitors in the growing segment within the overall market. 84 Mh/s while mining Neoxa. Awesome Miner 5. We recommend using Trex for mining Neoxa on the NVIDIA RTX … What coin to mine in 2022? In the past year or two, the most profitable coin for mining was Ethereum, by a long shot. 5% of all Bitcoin. com/watch?v=Yr4uFMkxOosSubscribe to my other Youtube … First, a gpu is designed to handle graphics operations. Anybody who has been mining in 2022 has already felt the pinch. A 6X RTX 3070 rig will pull about $8. Bitcoin miner Ben Gagnon reported that less than 24 hours after the Merge, GPU mining is useless, as the only profitable coins have no market cap or liquidity. NEXA NexaPow $0. The difficulty appears to be … In conclusion, the profitability of Antminer S9 in 2023 will be affected by a variety of factors, including Bitcoin mining difficulty and market demand for Bitcoin. Since then, potential profitability has dropped even more. At present, almost no GPUs are … Profit $-0. BetterHash Conclusion Frequently Asked Questions … Bitcoin Mining Hardware Comparision (current Bitcoin price of $44,906. Where we once faced global shortages and skyrocketing prices thanks to a dastardly mix of different issues, it’s now fairly easy … Unfortunately, GPU mining is not as profitable as it was previously. It has a great hashrate and even greater profit potential, making it earn up to $5 per day with a payback time of 9 months. Focus on acquiring ETH until the PoW phase ends. . 47. 918 billion, a decline of 6. Since the beginning of November, GPU mining profitability has been on the decline. It’s not a legitimate profit,. youtube. Menu. Currently, the daily fiat mining volume is around $31,000,000. High Overclock. Ethereum (ETH) – Among the top 10 profitable coins to mine with GPU Ethereum is the most valuable coin and it is the most profitable at the moment due to its price. January 24th to January 30th 2022. What are the best GPUs for mining? GPUs effectively replaced CPUs for mining most cryptocurrencies, and they are still in use to date. 35% of the global cryptocurrency mining hardware market by 2025, according to Technavio. This is the amount of fiat that is “released” in circulation each day. pro 15. Most profitable mining pool for video card (GPU) Antminer E9 Pro ASIC Support. Other than ETH, I … Just one day after the Ethereum Merge, where the cryptocoin successfully switched from Proof of Work (PoW) to Proof of Stake (PoS), profitability of GPU mining has completely collapsed. While prices today are now slightly lower than the previous low in July 2021, mining profitability today is significantly lower than it was then, and in many . Compare Bitcoin mining profit and BTC mining reward verses other popular cryptocurrencies like; Ethereum Classic, Litecoin, Dogecoin, ZCash, Dash, Monero, and … Best GPU for mining GPU mining calculator profitability and hashrate Posted on september 26, 2022 by Mozzarella Please note that this shows results in CAD, the Canadian dollar. 1. StormGain 3. cuda error out of memory mining nbminer. If something like $8 billion of that was from crypto mining demand that is permanently gone, that is a huge hit to their top and bottom lines. Where we once faced global shortages and skyrocketing prices thanks to a dastardly mix of different issues, it’s now fairly easy … Currently, the daily fiat mining volume is around $31,000,000. Braiins Pool 4. The profitability of using GPUs for mining cryptocurrencies depends on the cryptocurrency in question. Source | Kryptex – one of the best cryptocurrency mining platforms. 0)? . 49 NEOX: Hashrate: 31. What are the best GPUs for mining? Most Profitable GPU for Crypto Mining in 2022 March 2, 2022 by MM Technology GPU Mining profitability depends on multiple factors like block reward, mining difficulty, etc, here are the most profitable GPU for Crypto mining in 2022 with a hash rate and power consumption of the GPU it includes Nvidia and AMD RX series graphics cards. Later, it was discovered that graphics processing units, or GPUs, used for gaming were more efficient at solving the hashing problem. 00061600 BTC $17. 09%. A miner only needs to take care of one wallet, one miner, one exchange, and one pool. MSI … 5. Power … What is the Best GPU for mining Ethereum 2022? It's the NVIDIA GeForce 3060 Ti, an incredible GPU for gaming, but it's also excellent for crypto mining. Using below table, you can crypto mining calculator how profitable it is to mine selected altcoins in comparison to ethereum classic. That is a 40% decrease in 1 … First, a gpu is designed to handle graphics operations. 0009 $ 9. Right now, in mid-2022, things are a little tight. The top three Kadena mining pools on the market right now are listed in this article as being compatible with Bitmain Antminer KA3. Review: 3.